Exceptional Guidelines for a Literature Review Format

What is a literature review? A literature review is not an annotated bibliography in which you briefly summarize each article youve reviewed. Well, a summary of what youve read is contained in the literature review, but it goes way beyond just summarizing professional literature. A literature review mainly focuses on specific topics youre interested in, giving a critical analysis of the subject concerning different issues and thereafter, relating the research done with your work. It could be done as a single paper or maybe a theoretical framework and criteria for a research study; more like a dissertation or thesis. Step by Step Guide on How to Format a Literature Review Do you know how to format a literature review? This is step by step guide very useful to use for your literature review format. Weve gone a step further and integrated some of the tools that would be helpful and that you might need in the process of organizing and understanding how to format a literature review. We also have links to guide you to where you can get more help on literature review format guidelines. Besides the guides that were going to give you, it is also crucial that you locate some of the literature review format examples in your field of study to get a clear understanding of what literature review truly is. Review the APA Guidelines Make an Order What is a literature review APA? It is vital that before you go ahead with your literature review paper format that you read through and understand the common core elements to consider on literature review format APA. To be precise, pay close attention to the general document guidelines (e.g., the expected font, spacing, margins), abstract, body, quotations, text citations and even more, title page. Choose a Specific Topic This will help you narrow down on your research. For instance, it will be of great importance if your topic of choice is the same one youre going to do in your final M.E.d. Project or to some extent related to your final project. In as much, youre free to choose any topic you see fit. Identify the Literature Youre Interested in Reviewing Go a step further and acquaint yourself with some of the online databases and select the databases that are relevant to your field of study. Be careful to use only relevant databases; you can go ahead and use the Google Scholar to help you with your search. Consider the following tips: Experiment with different searches. Redefine your topic; if maybe the topic is too broad. Identify classic studies or landmark and theorists to provide you with a basic framework of what your study expects. Careful Analysis of the Literature Youve already identified the articles you need to review, now go ahead and analyze. A brief overview of the articles; Skim the pieces to have an idea of the general purpose and content of the article. Quick tip, as you read the articles, note down some of the essential points for future references. Define key terms. Highlight the vital statistics you need to use in your article review format introduction. Choose some of the quotations you might want to use. Of note, direct quotations must be accompanied by references and quote only when you think some essential meaning would be lost in translation. Each article focuses on different aspects, therefore, note emphasis, strengths, and weaknesses. Look out for the major trends and patterns; make notes of patterns over time as reported in the literature. Look out for gaps in the text and reflect on their existence. Be keen on relationships between studies; address these relationships in your writing and discuss their relevant studies. Focus entirely on your topic. Do a reference evaluation for currency coverage; you can always find more articles on your topic but you ought now to decide at what point youre done collecting resources and now need to focus on your writing. Your reference list should be up to date. Summarize the Literature Review Using a Concept Map or Table Format In your article review format, tables could come in handy to help you organize an overview and summarize your findings. If you choose to include tables in your literature review format, then you must accompany it with an analysis that summarizes, interprets and digests the literature you charted in the table. Use Microsoft Word to create a table, or you can first create the table in Excel and then on completing, go ahead and import the Excel sheet into Word. Excel enables you to sort findings according to Variety. Some of the tables includes: Key concepts and terms Research methods Research results summary Digest the Literature Before Writing the Review Make an Order This is where the notes and summaries you made are of help. Using the above, develop a review paper format outline. Consider your voice and purpose before you begin How to reassemble your notes Come up with a topic outline that supports your argument Reorganize notes according to argument paths Within topics, look out for areas that need more research Plan to summarize, present conclusions and impacts, and different directions for future research purposes. Writing the Review Know the broad problem area Indicate the importance of the topic being reviewed Distinguish your research findings from other information sources and be specific on your time frame For citations, identify them as such. On issues you wont be discussing, refer the reader to reviews Justify your comments and avoid long lists on nonspecific references All relevant resources must be cited Always have a conclusion; how you end the review depends on your reason for writing. For instance, for stand-alone reviews, you need to make clear how the content in your review supported the proposition or assertion made in the introduction. Conclusion It is essential to understand the literature review format APA guidelines before you go ahead with your article review format. Do you now know what is a literature review APA? Follow this guide, and youll be well on your way to formatting an excellent literature review.

A Brief Overview of Taiwans National History

A Brief Overview of Taiwan's National History Located 100 miles off the coast of China, Taiwan has had a complicated history and relationship with China. Early History For thousands of years, Taiwan had been home to nine plains tribes. The island has attracted explorers for centuries that have come to mine sulfur, gold, and other natural resources. Han Chinese began crossing the Taiwan Strait during the 15th century. Then, the Spanish invaded Taiwan in 1626 and, with the help of the Ketagalan (one of the plains tribes), discovered sulfur, a main ingredient in gunpowder, in Yangmingshan, a mountain range that overlooks Taipei. After the Spanish and Dutch were forced out of Taiwan, Mainland Chinese returned in 1697 to mine sulfur after a huge fire in China destroyed 300 tons of sulfur. Prospectors looking for gold started arriving in the late Qing Dynasty after railroad workers found gold while washing their lunch boxes in the Keelung River, 45 minutes northeast of Taipei. During this age of maritime discovery, legends claimed there was a treasure island full of gold. Explorers headed to Formosa in search of gold. A rumor in 1636 that gold dust was found in today’s Pingtung in southern Taiwan led to the arrival of the Dutch in 1624. Unsuccessful at finding gold, the Dutch attacked the Spanish who were searching for gold in Keelung on Taiwan’s northeastern coast, but they still didn’t find anything. When gold was later discovered in Jinguashi, a hamlet on Taiwan’s east coast, it was a few hundred meters from where the Dutch had searched in vain. Entering the Modern Era After the Manchus  overthrew the Ming Dynasty on the Chinese mainland, the rebel Ming loyalist Koxinga retreated to Taiwan in 1662 and drove out the Dutch, establishing ethnic Chinese control over the island. Koxinga’s forces were defeated by the Manchu Qing Dynasty’s forces in 1683 and parts of Taiwan began to come under the control of the Qing empire. During this time, many aborigines retreated to the mountains where many remain to this day. During the Sino-French War (1884-1885), Chinese forces routed French troops in battles in northeastern Taiwan. In 1885, the Qing empire designated Taiwan as China’s 22nd province. The Japanese, who had had their eye on Taiwan since the late 16th century, succeeded in gaining control of the island after China was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). When China lost the war with Japan in 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan as a colony and the Japanese occupied Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. After Japan’s defeat in World War II, Japan relinquished control of Taiwan and the government of the Republic of China (ROC), led by Chiang Kai-shek’s Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), re-established Chinese control over the island. After the Chinese Communists defeated ROC government forces in the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949), the KMT-led ROC regime retreated to Taiwan and established the island as a base of operations to fight back to the Chinese mainland. The new People’s Republic of China (PRC) government on the mainland, led by Mao Zedong, began preparations to â€Å"liberate† Taiwan by military force. This began a period of Taiwan’s de facto political independence from the Chinese mainland which continues today. The Cold War Period When the Korean War broke out in 1950, the United States, seeking to prevent the further spread of communism in Asia, sent the Seventh Fleet to patrol the Taiwan Strait and deter Communist China from invading Taiwan. US military intervention forced Mao’s government to delay its plan to invade Taiwan. At the same time, with US backing, the ROC regime on Taiwan continued to hold China’s seat in the United Nations. Aid from the US and a successful land reform program helped the ROC government solidify its control over the island and modernize the economy. However, under the pretext of ongoing civil war, Chiang Kai-shek continued to suspend the ROC constitution and Taiwan remained under martial law. Chiang’s government began allowing local elections in the 1950s, but the central government remained under authoritarian one-party rule by the KMT. Chiang promised to fight back and recover the mainland and built up troops on islands off the Chinese coast still under ROC control. In 1954, an attack by Chinese Communist forces on those islands led the US to sign a Mutual Defense Treaty with Chiang’s government. When a second military crisis over the ROC-held offshore islands in 1958 led the US to the brink of war with Communist China, Washington forced Chiang Kai-shek to officially abandon his policy of fighting back to the mainland. Chiang remained committed to recovering the mainland through an anti-communist propaganda war based on Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles of the People (ä ¸â€°Ã¦ °â€˜Ã¤ ¸ »Ã§ ¾ ©). After Chiang Kai-shek’s death in 1975, his son Chiang Ching-kuo led Taiwan through a period of political, diplomatic and economic transition and rapid economic growth. In 1972, the ROC lost its seat in the United Nations to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). In 1979, the United States switched diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing and ended it military alliance with the ROC on Taiwan. That same year, the US Congress passed the Taiwan Relations Act, which commits the U.S. to help Taiwan defend itself from attack by the PRC. Meanwhile, on the Chinese mainland, the Communist Party regime in Beijing began a period of â€Å"reform and opening† after Deng Xiao-ping took power in 1978. Beijing changed its Taiwan policy from armed â€Å"liberation† to â€Å"peaceful unification† under the â€Å"one country, two systems† framework. At the same time, the PRC refused to renounce the possible use of force against Taiwan. Despite Deng’s political reforms, Chiang Ching-kuo continued a policy of â€Å"no contact, no negotiation, no compromise† toward the Communist Party regime in Beijing. The younger Chiang’s strategy for recovering the mainland focused on making Taiwan into a â€Å"model province† that would demonstrate the shortcomings of the communist system in mainland China. Through government investment in high-tech, export-oriented industries, Taiwan experienced an â€Å"economic miracle† and its economy became one of Asia’s ‘four little dragons.’ In 1987, shortly before his death, Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law in Taiwan, ending the 40-year suspension of the ROC constitution and allowing political liberalization to begin. In the same year, Chiang also allowed people in Taiwan to visit relatives on the mainland for the first time since the end of the Chinese Civil War. Democratization and the Unification-Independence Question Under Lee Teng-hui, the ROC’s first Taiwan-born president, Taiwan experienced a transition to democracy and a Taiwanese identity distinct from China emerged among the island’s people. Through a series of constitutional reforms, the ROC government went through a process of ‘Taiwanization.’ While officially continuing to claim sovereignty over all of China, the ROC recognized PRC control over the mainland and declared that the ROC government currently represents only the people of  Taiwan  and the ROC-controlled offshore islands of Penghu, Jinmen, and Mazu. The ban on opposition parties was lifted, allowing the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) to compete with the KMT in local and national elections. Internationally, the ROC recognized the PRC while campaigning for the ROC to regain its seat in the United Nations and other international organizations. In the 1990s, the ROC government maintained an official commitment to Taiwan’s eventual unification with the mainland but declared that in the current stage the PRC and ROC were independent sovereign states. The Taipei government also made democratization in mainland China a condition for future unification talks. The number of people in Taiwan who viewed themselves as â€Å"Taiwanese† rather than â€Å"Chinese† rose dramatically during the 1990s and a growing minority advocated eventual independence for the island. In 1996, Taiwan witnessed its first direct presidential election, won by incumbent president Lee Teng-hui of the KMT. Prior to the election, the PRC launched missiles into the Taiwan Strait as a warning that it would use force to prevent Taiwan’s independence from China. In response, the US sent two aircraft carriers to the area to signal its commitment to defend Taiwan from a PRC attack. In 2000, Taiwan’s government experienced its first party turnover when the candidate of the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP),  Chen Shui-bian, won the presidential election. During the eight years of Chen’s administration, relations between Taiwan and China were very tense. Chen adopted policies that emphasized Taiwan’s de facto political independence from China, including unsuccessful campaigns to replace the 1947 ROC constitution with a new constitution and to apply for membership in the United Nations under the name Taiwan. The Communist Party regime in Beijing worried that Chen was moving Taiwan toward legal independence from China and in 2005 passed the Anti-Secession Law authorizing the use of force against Taiwan to prevent its legal separation from the mainland. Tensions across the Taiwan Strait and slow economic growth helped the KMT return to power in the 2008 presidential election, won by  Ma Ying-jeou. Ma promised to improve relations with Beijing and promote cross-Strait economic exchange while maintaining the political status. On the basis of the so-called â€Å"92 consensus,† Ma’s government held historic rounds of economic negotiations with the mainland which opened direct postal, communication and navigation links across the Taiwan Strait, established the  ECFA framework  for a cross-Strait free trade area, and opened Taiwan to tourism from mainland China. Despite this thawing in relations between Taipei and Beijing and increased economic integration across the Taiwan Strait, there has been little sign in Taiwan of increased support for political unification with the mainland. While the independence movement has lost some momentum, the vast majority of Taiwan’s citizens support a continuation of the status quo of de facto independence from China.